Financials · NYSE: BRK.B
Berkshire Hathaway: how the business works
Berkshire Hathaway owns insurers such as GEICO, the BNSF railroad, utilities, manufacturers and retailers, with revenue of $371.4 billion in FY2025.
By Hardik Bhandare · Checked against filings:
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Berkshire Hathaway Inc. · Omaha, Nebraska
Last updated
- Revenue, FY2025
- $371.4B
- Net earnings, FY2025 (incl. investment gains)
- $67.0B
- Cash and T-bills net of payables, insurance and other businesses, Jun 30, 2026
- $359.2B
- Employees, end of 2025
- About 387,800
- Warren Buffett's share of votes, Mar 4, 2026 (proxy)
- 30.2%
The short version
Berkshire Hathaway in 5 points
1 · What it sells
Berkshire Hathaway owns insurers such as GEICO, the BNSF railroad, utilities, manufacturers, distributors and retailers, with $371.4 billion of revenue in FY2025.
2 · Who pays it
In FY2025, insurance customers plus investment income supplied 28.1% of revenue, manufacturing buyers 21.1%, McLane's customers 13.7%, service and retail customers 11.5%, Pilot's customers 11.4%, utility customers 7.1%, BNSF's shippers 6.3% and other 0.8%; no customer split is disclosed.
3 · What it keeps from $100
Of every $100 that came in during FY2025, including investment gains, Berkshire kept $16.3 as net earnings; operating earnings, its own measure without those gains or $8.3 billion of Kraft Heinz and Occidental write-downs, were $12.0 per $100 of revenue.
4 · Where the operating profit comes from
Of $51.7 billion of FY2025 pre-tax earnings from its operating businesses, insurance supplied 47.8% (investment income 29.5%, underwriting 18.3%), manufacturing 24.3% and BNSF 13.9%.
5 · The one thing to watch
Under CEO Greg Abel, insurance and other businesses held $359.2 billion of cash and T-bills net of payables at Jun 30, 2026, before about $6.8 billion was paid for Taylor Morrison in July.
Sources: From Berkshire Hathaway's FY2025 10-K and Q2 FY2026 10-Q · checked
See the full receipt and the management scorecard below
01Where the money goes · FY2025
Where does $100 of Berkshire Hathaway's money go?
Berkshire Hathaway · FY2025
Receipt for every $100
| Goods, services and leasing | $40.9 |
|---|---|
| Insurance claims and underwriting | $19.4 |
| Rail, utility and related costs | $8.9 |
| Selling and administration | $7.2 |
| Interest | $1.2 |
| Tax, equity-method losses, noncontrolling holders | $6.1 |
| Kept as net earnings | $16.3 |
| Total | $100 |
Each line = amount ÷ total money in × 100. Lines may not add to exactly $100 because of rounding.
How this is worked out
Cityfort calculation from FY2025 10-K. Of every $100 that came in during FY2025: each line ÷ $410.5 billion (revenue of $371.4 billion plus investment gains of $39.1 billion). The gains include changes in share values, so they are not money from customers. On revenue alone, net earnings were $18.0 per $100 and revenue minus costs was $14.3.
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02The business in one line
What does Berkshire Hathaway do?
Drivers, shippers, power users, manufacturers' customers and shoppers pay Berkshire Hathaway's businesses; most of the money goes on goods, claims and running costs, and investment gains come on top.
- In FY2025, insurance was 28.1% of revenue, manufacturing 21.1%, McLane 13.7%, service and retailing 11.5%, Pilot 11.4%, utilities 7.1% and BNSF 6.3%.
- Investment gains of $39.1 billion sat outside FY2025 revenue, yet they count in net earnings (profit) of $67.0 billion.
03Who pays it
Who pays Berkshire Hathaway?
Manufacturing customers
21%
of revenue
Buyers of aerospace parts, chemicals, homes, flooring, RVs, clothing and batteries.
McLane's customers
14%
of revenue
Convenience stores, discount retailers, wholesale clubs, drug stores and restaurants.
Car owners (GEICO)
12%
of revenue
Individuals paying GEICO premiums, mainly for private passenger car insurance.
Service and retail customers
12%
of revenue
Private jet owners, pilots in training, car buyers and shoppers.
Pilot's customers
11%
of revenue
Consumers, travelers and professional truck drivers, plus wholesale fuel buyers.
Utility and energy customers
7%
of revenue
Homes and businesses buying power and gas, and users of its pipelines.
Other insurers (reinsurance)
7%
of revenue
Insurers and reinsurers paying Berkshire to take on part of their risk.
Freight shippers (BNSF)
6%
of revenue
Companies paying to move manufactured, farm and natural-resource goods by rail.
Commercial insurance buyers (BH Primary)
5%
of revenue
Policyholders, mainly US businesses, buying liability, workers' compensation and other cover.
Insurance investment income
4%
of revenue
Interest and dividends earned on money the insurers hold, not paid by customers.
Corporate, eliminations and other
1%
of revenue
Items outside the operating businesses.
- Manufacturing customers21%
- McLane's customers14%
- Car owners (GEICO)12%
- Service and retail customers12%
- Pilot's customers11%
- Utility and energy customers7%
- Other insurers (reinsurance)7%
- Freight shippers (BNSF)6%
- Commercial insurance buyers (BH Primary)5%
- Insurance investment income4%
- Corporate, eliminations and other1%
How spread out the customers are
Shares above are revenue by business (Cityfort calculation from FY2025 10-K); Berkshire gives no customer split for the whole company. Within McLane, Walmart was about 17.2% of McLane's revenue, 7-Eleven 13.3% and Yum! Brands 13.3%. Precision Castparts names Boeing, Airbus, GE Aerospace, Rolls-Royce and Pratt & Whitney as significant customers.
04Why it makes money
Why does Berkshire Hathaway make money?
Insurance customers pay first and claims come later, so Berkshire can invest the money in between.
Premiums arrive before claims are paid, and that money is called float. Berkshire says the average cost of float was negative in each of the three years to 2025, because underwriting made a profit. Cash from the railroad, utilities and manufacturers adds to what it can invest.
Revenue minus costs per $100 of revenue (Cityfort calculation from FY2023 and FY2025 10-Ks)
$11.7$14.3
FY2021 to FY2025
- Customers pay insurance premiums up front
- Berkshire holds that float until claims come due
- It invests float and its own capital in T-bills, shares and whole companies
- Owned businesses add their earnings
- No cash dividend since 1967, so earnings stay in the company
- More capital goes into new investments and businesses
↺ Step 6 feeds back into step 1.
05Business segments · FY2025
Which businesses make up Berkshire Hathaway?
Insurance underwriting
24%Premiums from GEICO ($44.5 billion), reinsurance ($25.7 billion) and BH Primary ($18.7 billion). Profit shown is pre-tax, for every segment here; this is 18.3% of the operating businesses' pre-tax total of $51.7 billion. Shares of that total are Cityfort calculations from FY2025 10-K.
Revenue $88.9B · Operating profit $9.5B
Insurance investment income
4%Interest and dividends on insurers' money: 29.5% of the pre-tax total, the largest single share.
Revenue $15.3B · Operating profit $15.3B
Manufacturing
21%Industrial, building and consumer products: 24.3% of the pre-tax total.
Revenue $78.5B · Operating profit $12.6B
McLane
14%Wholesale distribution: $676 million before tax on $51.0 billion of revenue, 1.3% of the pre-tax total.
Revenue $51.0B · Operating profit $676M
Service and retailing
12%Aviation, logistics, franchising, car dealerships and stores: 7.8% of the pre-tax total.
Revenue $42.6B · Operating profit $4.0B
Pilot
11%Travel centers and wholesale fuel, consolidated since Feb 2023: 0.4% of the pre-tax total.
Revenue $42.2B · Operating profit $190M
Berkshire Hathaway Energy
7%Utilities and pipelines: 4.5% of the pre-tax total. After-tax earnings were higher, $3,979 million, because of production tax credits.
Revenue $26.3B · Operating profit $2.3B
BNSF
6%Freight rail: 13.9% of the pre-tax total on 6.3% of revenue.
Revenue $23.5B · Operating profit $7.2B
Corporate, eliminations and other
1%The gap between the operating businesses' $368.4 billion and consolidated revenue of $371.4 billion.
Revenue $3.1B
How the mix changed
- Insurance underwriting
- Insurance investment income
- Manufacturing
- McLane
- Service and retailing
- Pilot
- Berkshire Hathaway Energy
- BNSF
- Corporate, eliminations and other
Revenue by segment, FY2021 to FY2025.
US$
See the numbers
06The numbers · Consolidated · US$
How has Berkshire Hathaway done?
Revenue
$371.4BFY2025
Revenue grew from $276.2 billion in FY2021 to $371.4 billion in FY2025, with Pilot added from Feb 2023; Q4 revenue is the full year minus nine months (Cityfort calculation from the FY2024 and FY2025 10-Ks and Q3 10-Qs).
US$
See the numbers
Net profit
$67.0BFY2025
Net earnings include swings in share values, ranging from a $22.8 billion loss in FY2022 to $96.2 billion in FY2023, and were $67.0 billion in FY2025; EPS is per average equivalent Class B share.
US$
See the numbers
Profit kept per $100 of revenue
$18.0FY2025
Net earnings were $18.0 per $100 of revenue in FY2025 and operating earnings, Berkshire's own measure, $12.0; Berkshire reports no operating income line, so EBITDA stays blank.
$ of profit per $100 of revenue (net margin)
See the numbers
Free cash flow
$25.0BFY2025
Free cash flow was $25.0 billion in FY2025, up from $11.6 billion in FY2024; $12.0 billion of T-bill income in FY2025 earnings is collected in investing cash flow, not operating cash flow.
US$ · cash from operations minus spending on plants and equipment
See the numbers
See all yearly numbers
EBITDA here = operating income plus depreciation and amortization (from the cash flow statement). Fiscal years are the company's own (Dec 31; Berkshire Hathaway's fiscal year is the calendar year, so Q2 FY2026 is April to June 2026). Net profit is the share belonging to the company's owners.
Learn: Fiscal years that don't end in December: Nvidia's FY2027 explained
Sources (17)
- Form 10-K, fiscal year 2023 (ended Dec 31, 2023)
- Form 10-K, fiscal year 2024 (ended Dec 31, 2024)
- Form 10-K, fiscal year 2025 (ended Dec 31, 2025)
- Form 10-Q, Q3 FY2024 (quarter ended Sep 30, 2024)
- Earnings release, Q3 FY2024 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Earnings release, Q4 and full year FY2024 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Form 10-Q, Q1 FY2025 (quarter ended Mar 31, 2025)
- Earnings release, Q1 FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Form 10-Q, Q2 FY2025 (quarter ended Jun 30, 2025)
- Earnings release, Q2 FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Form 10-Q, Q3 FY2025 (quarter ended Sep 30, 2025)
- Earnings release, Q3 FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Earnings release, Q4 and full year FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Form 10-Q, Q1 FY2026 (quarter ended Mar 31, 2026)
- Earnings release, Q1 FY2026 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Form 10-Q, Q2 FY2026 (quarter ended Jun 30, 2026)
- Earnings release, Q2 FY2026 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1, dated Aug 8, 2026)
07Who runs it
Who runs Berkshire Hathaway, and did they deliver?
Greg Abel
President and Chief Executive Officer · since 2026
Age 63 in the 2026 proxy. Director since 2018 and earlier CEO of Berkshire Hathaway Energy. FY2025 pay was $22,017,500.
Warren E. Buffett
Chairman · since 1970
Age 95 in the 2026 proxy. He was CEO from 1970 through 2025. FY2025 pay was $389,488, including a $100,000 salary and no bonus or equity.
Ajit Jain
Vice Chairman, insurance
Age 74 in the 2026 proxy. FY2025 pay was $22,017,500.
Charles Chang
Chief Financial Officer · since 2026
Took over from Marc Hamburg on Jun 1, 2026, with a salary of $8,000,000.
Nancy Pierce
CEO, GEICO · since 2025
Appointed in December 2025 after Todd Combs left for JPMorgan. She joined GEICO in 1986.
Susan Decker
Lead independent director
What they said, and what happened
2 delivered · 3 too early to tell
Said on May 8, 2025
Berkshire said on May 8, 2025 that Greg Abel would become President and CEO on Jan 1, 2026.
DeliveredWhat happened
The 2026 proxy confirms Abel became CEO on Jan 1, 2026; Buffett remains Chairman.
Said on Feb 24, 2025
Berkshire's FY2024 10-K forecast about $14.0 billion of 2025 capital spending at BNSF and Berkshire Hathaway Energy.
DeliveredWhat happened
The FY2025 10-K reports $14.4 billion for 2025.
Said on Mar 2, 2026
Berkshire's FY2025 10-K forecast about $15 billion of 2026 capital spending at BNSF and Berkshire Hathaway Energy.
Too early to tellWhat happened
They spent $6.7 billion in the first half of 2026. The Q2 FY2026 10-Q forecasts about $8.6 billion for the rest of the year.
Said on Feb 28, 2026
Abel's letter said Berkshire would be disappointed without a substantial improvement in BNSF's operating margin, 34.5% in 2025, over the next few years.
Too early to tellWhat happened
BNSF's pre-tax earnings were $3,881 million in the first half of 2026, up from $3,412 million. The full-year 2026 margin is not out yet.
Said on Feb 28, 2026
Abel's letter said GEICO's rate rises cost it customer retention and that competitors' rate cuts could extend that pressure into 2026.
Too early to tellWhat happened
GEICO's pre-tax underwriting earnings were $2,410 million in the first half of 2026, down from $3,994 million; its loss ratio rose 4.9 points to 75.3%.
Sources (8)
- Proxy statement (DEF 14A) for the May 2, 2026 annual meeting
- 8-K Item 5.02 filed May 8, 2025: Greg Abel appointed President and CEO effective Jan 1, 2026
- 8-K filed May 7, 2026: CFO succession and pay, by-laws, annual-meeting votes
- 8-K Item 5.02 filed Dec 11, 2025: leadership appointments (GEICO CEO, CFO succession)
- Form 10-K, fiscal year 2024 (ended Dec 31, 2024)
- Form 10-K, fiscal year 2025 (ended Dec 31, 2025)
- Form 10-Q, Q2 FY2026 (quarter ended Jun 30, 2026)
- Letter to shareholders from Greg Abel, dated Feb 28, 2026
08What could go wrong
What could go wrong for Berkshire Hathaway?
- Other
Net earnings move with share prices
US accounting rules put unrealized gains and losses on shares into earnings. FY2022 showed a $22.8 billion net loss with $30.9 billion of operating earnings. Quarterly net earnings ranged from $4.6 billion to $30.8 billion in FY2025.
Watch The investment gains (losses) line next to operating earnings in each release.
- Concentration
Concentrated stock holdings
The 10-K calls the portfolio unusually concentrated. Five companies were 66% of equity securities at Jun 30, 2026. Berkshire's illustration: a 30% fall in equity prices at Dec 31, 2025 would have taken the portfolio to $210.9 billion.
Watch The five largest holdings' share of equity securities in each 10-Q and 10-K.
- Governance
Voting control and a new CEO
Class A shares have one vote; Class B shares have 1/10,000. Warren Buffett, 95 in the proxy, held 30.2% of votes at Mar 4, 2026. Greg Abel became CEO on Jan 1, 2026. The 10-K says capital allocation depends on a few key people. Buffett believes a family member should chair after him; the Board decides.
Watch Board changes in each proxy, and how capital is used under Abel.
- Legal
PacifiCorp wildfire lawsuits
Estimated probable losses reached about $2.85 billion through Jun 30, 2026, with about $2.3 billion paid and $572 million unpaid. At Dec 31, 2025, remaining complaints sought about $50 billion before doubling, trebling or punitive damages; that is what plaintiffs ask for, not a loss estimate. No further insurance recoveries are expected.
Watch The Oregon Supreme Court's decision in James and the wildfire note in each 10-Q.
- Execution
Insurance underwriting losses
The 10-K says that, when properly paid for the risk, Berkshire is "willing to assume more risk from a single event than any other insurer has knowingly assumed." GEICO's loss ratio rose 4.9 points to 75.3% in the first half of 2026 on more frequent and costlier claims.
Watch GEICO's loss ratio and catastrophe losses in each 10-Q.
- Debt
Large spending at BNSF and the utilities
BNSF and Berkshire Hathaway Energy spent $14.4 billion on capital projects in FY2025. At Jun 30, 2026, BNSF owed $23.5 billion and Berkshire Hathaway Energy $61.8 billion; Berkshire does not guarantee that debt.
Watch Capital spending forecasts and debt by issuer in each 10-Q.
- Regulation
Rail and utility regulation
The 10-K names regulation of rail rates and utility rate-making, plus emissions rules, as risks. It also names BNSF's exposure to energy commodities, including coal.
Watch Surface Transportation Board decisions and state utility rate cases.
- Legal
Real estate commission lawsuits
Plaintiffs allege HomeServices conspired to inflate commissions. The final Burnett settlement is $250 million over four years and is on appeal to the Eighth Circuit. The Q2 FY2026 10-Q shows $130 million paid into escrow to date. Several other antitrust cases continue.
Watch The legal note on HomeServices in each 10-K.
Sources (6)
- Form 10-K, fiscal year 2025 (ended Dec 31, 2025)
- Form 10-K, fiscal year 2023 (ended Dec 31, 2023)
- Earnings release, Q4 and full year FY2023 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Earnings release, Q4 and full year FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Form 10-Q, Q2 FY2026 (quarter ended Jun 30, 2026)
- Proxy statement (DEF 14A) for the May 2, 2026 annual meeting
09Both sides
What do supporters and critics point to?
What supporters point to
- Operating earnings, Berkshire's own measure, rose from $30.9 billion in FY2022 to $44.5 billion in FY2025; net earnings were a $22.8 billion loss and $67.0 billion.
- The property and casualty combined ratio was 87.1% in 2025, against a five-year average of 90.7%, per Abel's letter.
- Berkshire states $359.2 billion of cash and T-bills, net of payables, for insurance and other businesses at Jun 30, 2026; total debt was $128.6 billion.
- Float rose from about $169 billion at the end of 2023 to $177.5 billion at Jun 30, 2026, and Berkshire reports negative average cost of float in each of the three years to 2025.
- BNSF's operating margin was 34.5% in 2025, up from 32.0% in 2024, per Abel's letter.
What critics point to
- GEICO's pre-tax underwriting earnings fell to $2.4 billion in the first half of 2026 from $4.0 billion a year earlier.
- Five companies were 66% of equity securities at Jun 30, 2026.
- FY2025 included $8.3 billion of after-tax impairments on Kraft Heinz and Occidental.
- Warren Buffett, 95 in the 2026 proxy, had 30.2% of votes at Mar 4, 2026, and two other directors are his children.
- No earnings call transcripts or investor presentations were found on Berkshire's filings or site.
10What to watch next
What should you watch next at Berkshire Hathaway?
Next event
Q3 FY2026 results
Date not announced yet.
How the cash gets used
Cash and T-bills net of payables were $359.2 billion for insurance and other businesses at Jun 30, 2026. Taylor Morrison, about $6.8 billion in cash, closed on Jul 24 and first appears in the Q3 10-Q.
GEICO's loss ratio
It was 76.6% in Q2 FY2026, up 4.8 points from a year earlier, and pre-tax underwriting earnings fell to $994 million.
The Oregon Supreme Court in James
Argument was set for Nov 3, 2026. No filing reports the outcome yet, and a trial for 21 plaintiffs is set from September 2027.
11Key facts
Key facts about Berkshire Hathaway
- What does Berkshire Hathaway do?
- Berkshire Hathaway is a holding company based in Omaha that owns GEICO and other insurers, the BNSF railroad, utilities, manufacturers, distributors and retailers. Its revenue was $371.4 billion in FY2025, and it had about 387,800 employees at the end of 2025.
- How does Berkshire Hathaway make money?
- Berkshire Hathaway's business model is to own many operating companies and invest insurance money. Its operating businesses earned $51.7 billion before tax in FY2025: insurance 47.8% (investment income 29.5%, underwriting 18.3%), manufacturing 24.3%, BNSF 13.9%, service and retailing 7.8%, utilities 4.5%, McLane 1.3% and Pilot 0.4%.
- Is Berkshire Hathaway profitable?
- Berkshire Hathaway's net earnings were $67.0 billion in FY2025, or $16.3 per $100 of revenue plus investment gains. Those earnings include investment gains. Operating earnings, its own measure without those gains or $8.3 billion of Kraft Heinz and Occidental write-downs, were $44.5 billion. In FY2022 it had a net loss of $22.8 billion, with operating earnings of $30.9 billion.
- What is Berkshire Hathaway's revenue by segment?
- Of Berkshire Hathaway's $371.4 billion of FY2025 revenue, insurance was $104.2 billion, manufacturing $78.5 billion, McLane $51.0 billion, service and retailing $42.6 billion, Pilot $42.2 billion, utilities and energy $26.3 billion and BNSF $23.5 billion.
- Who owns Berkshire Hathaway?
- Berkshire Hathaway's 2026 proxy shows Warren Buffett with 30.2% of votes and 13.7% of the economic interest at Mar 4, 2026. It lists Vanguard with 11.4%, BlackRock with 8.8% and State Street with 5.3% of Class B shares, from Forms 13F for Dec 31, 2025. Each Class A share has one vote; each Class B share has 1/10,000 of a vote.
- Who are Berkshire Hathaway's customers?
- Berkshire Hathaway's customers include car owners, businesses buying insurance, other insurers, freight shippers, utility customers, retailers and restaurants. It gives no customer split for the whole company. In FY2025, 87% of its $209.6 billion of sales, service and leasing revenue came from the US.
- How big is GEICO within Berkshire Hathaway?
- GEICO brought Berkshire Hathaway $44.5 billion of insurance premiums and $6.8 billion of pre-tax underwriting earnings in FY2025. A.M. Best data for 2024, quoted in the FY2025 10-K, puts GEICO third among US private passenger car insurers, with about 11.6% of the market.
- How much does BNSF earn for Berkshire Hathaway?
- BNSF, Berkshire Hathaway's freight railroad, had revenue of $23.5 billion and pre-tax earnings of $7.2 billion in FY2025, compared with $23.6 billion and $6.6 billion in FY2024.
- What does Berkshire Hathaway Energy contribute?
- Berkshire Hathaway Energy had revenue of $26.3 billion and pre-tax earnings of $2.3 billion in FY2025. Its after-tax earnings of $4.0 billion were higher because production tax credits gave it a tax benefit. Its US utilities have about 5.4 million retail customers.
- How big are Berkshire Hathaway's manufacturing and retail businesses?
- In FY2025, Berkshire Hathaway's manufacturing businesses had revenue of $78.5 billion and pre-tax earnings of $12.6 billion. Service and retailing had $42.6 billion and $4.0 billion, McLane $51.0 billion and $676 million, and Pilot $42.2 billion and $190 million.
Sources (5)
Go deeper
More detail from the same filings. Open any section.
12What it sells
12What it sells
What does Berkshire Hathaway sell?
Insurance ($104.2B in FY2025)
GEICO sells car insurance to individuals in all 50 states. BH Primary sells mainly commercial cover. The reinsurance group insures other insurers. This total includes $15.3 billion of investment income.
Manufacturing ($78.5B)
Aerospace parts (Precision Castparts), chemicals (Lubrizol), factory-built homes (Clayton), flooring (Shaw), RVs (Forest River), Fruit of the Loom clothing and Duracell batteries.
McLane ($51.0B)
Wholesale delivery of groceries and other goods to convenience stores, discount retailers, wholesale clubs, drug stores and restaurants in all 50 states.
Service and retailing ($42.6B)
Private jets (NetJets), pilot training (FlightSafety), Dairy Queen franchising, car dealerships (Berkshire Hathaway Automotive) and See's Candies.
Pilot ($42.2B)
675 travel centers and 82 fuel-only sites in the US and Canada, mainly under the Pilot and Flying J names. It sold about 10.9 billion gallons of fuel in 2025.
Berkshire Hathaway Energy ($26.3B)
Four regulated US utility companies with about 5.4 million retail customers, plus about 20,900 miles of interstate gas pipelines.
BNSF ($23.5B)
One of North America's largest freight rail systems, carrying manufactured, farm and natural-resource goods, mainly across the western and southern US.
What it does
- Does: Owns whole businesses and runs them with few shared head-office functions
- Does: Collects insurance premiums and invests the money until claims are paid
- Does: Holds cash in T-bills (short-term US government debt) and stakes in other listed companies
What it does not do
- Does not: Has paid no cash dividend since 1967
- Does not: Does not count investment gains in revenue
- Does not: Does not report an operating income line for the whole company
- Does not: No earnings call transcripts or presentations were found on its filings or site
13How the money flows
13How the money flows · FY2025
How does money flow through Berkshire Hathaway?
Money in
- Sales and services$199.5B
- Insurance premiums$88.9B
- Railroad revenue$23.3B
- Interest, dividends and other investment income$23.3B
- Utility and energy revenue$21.9B
- Leasing and other services$14.6B
- Investment gains (outside revenue)$39.1B
The company
Berkshire Hathaway
$410.5B came in
Money out
- Cost of goods, services and leasing$167.7B
- Insurance claims, benefits and underwriting costs$79.4B
- Rail, utility and related running costs$36.5B
- Selling, general and administrative costs$29.7B
- Interest expense$5.1B
- Tax, equity-method losses and noncontrolling interests$25.1B
- Net earnings to Berkshire shareholders$67.0B
- Customers, plus interest and dividends, brought in $371.4 billion of revenue in FY2025.
- Total costs, including $5.1 billion of interest, took $318.5 billion of that.
- Investment gains of $39.1 billion came on top; they sit outside revenue and include changes in share values.
- Equity-method losses of $9.6 billion, which include Kraft Heinz and Occidental write-downs, came off, as did $15.2 billion of tax.
- After $292 million for noncontrolling holders, $67.0 billion was left as net earnings.
14What it needs to run
14What it needs to run
What does Berkshire Hathaway need to run?
Insurance float
Float is policyholder money held until claims are paid. Berkshire puts it at about $176 billion at Dec 31, 2025 and $177.5 billion at Jun 30, 2026.
Stock holdings
Equity securities were $323.8 billion at Jun 30, 2026, after first-half purchases of $39.4 billion and sales of $27.8 billion. Five companies made up 66% of the value.
What it held on Jun 30, 2026
Its Form 13F, a dated filing, lists Apple ($66.0 billion), American Express ($51.3 billion), Alphabet ($37.8 billion), Coca-Cola ($32.5 billion) and Bank of America ($27.5 billion) as its largest positions.
Rails, power lines and pipelines
Capital spending was $20.9 billion in FY2025. BNSF and Berkshire Hathaway Energy accounted for $14.4 billion of it.
People
About 387,800 employees at the end of 2025. About 80% were in the US and 19% were represented by unions.
15Competitors and what protects it
15Competitors and what protects it
Who does Berkshire Hathaway compete with?
State Farm
Named with Progressive, Allstate and USAA as a GEICO competitor. A.M. Best data for 2024, quoted in the 10-K, gives the five largest car insurers about 63.6% of the market.
Progressive
Named in the FY2025 10-K as a GEICO competitor for private passenger car insurance.
Allstate
Named in the FY2025 10-K as a GEICO competitor for private passenger car insurance.
Union Pacific Railroad
The 10-K calls it BNSF's primary rail competitor in the western US. Abel's Feb 28, 2026 letter names its proposed merger with Norfolk Southern.
Love's Travel Stops
Named with TravelCenters of America among the large travel center operators that compete with Pilot.
What protects the business
Each strength is scored 1 (weak) to 5 (strong) for the business, with the reason. It is not a rating of the share.
- Insurance capital5 of 5
Statutory surplus of its US insurers was about $333 billion at Dec 31, 2025, and the 10-K says its major insurers are rated AA+ by S&P and A++ by A.M. Best.
- Low-cost insurance money4 of 5
Float was about $176 billion at Dec 31, 2025, and Berkshire reports negative average cost of float in each of the three years to 2025. Abel's letter gives a 2025 combined ratio of 87.1%.
- Spread of businesses4 of 5
No single group passed 28.1% of FY2025 revenue, and all seven groups earned pre-tax profit that year.
- Rail network3 of 5
BNSF earned $7.2 billion before tax in FY2025 on $23.5 billion of revenue, but the 10-K calls its market highly competitive, with trucks, other railroads, barges and pipelines.
Weak spot
Concentrated stock holdings
Five companies were 66% of equity securities at Jun 30, 2026. Berkshire's own illustration: a 30% fall in equity prices at Dec 31, 2025 would have cut net earnings by $68.6 billion after tax.
16Where growth could come from
16Where growth could come from
Where could Berkshire Hathaway's growth come from?
Berkshire Hathaway gives no quarterly guidance in the filings behind this page. CEO Greg Abel's letter dated Feb 28, 2026 said cash and T-bills then exceeded $370 billion, and: "We will always aim for ownership of productive businesses over U.S. Treasuries."
Buying businesses
NewAbout $9.4B and $6.8B
OxyChem, a chemicals maker, joined on Jan 2, 2026 for about $9.4 billion after adjustments. Homebuilder Taylor Morrison joined on Jul 24, 2026 for about $6.8 billion in cash.
Status: New, recently announced.
BNSF margins
Working34.5% in 2025
Abel's letter gives a BNSF operating margin of 34.5% in 2025, up from 32.0%. In Q2 FY2026, BNSF revenue rose 14.6%, with car and unit volume up 6.5%.
Status: Working, on track against what the company said.
GEICO
MixedLoss ratio 76.6% in Q2 FY2026
GEICO premiums rose to $11.3 billion in Q2 FY2026 from $11.1 billion. Pre-tax underwriting earnings fell to $994 million from $1,821 million as claims costs rose.
Status: Mixed, partly on track.
Manufacturing
Working$22.6B in Q2 FY2026
Revenue was $22.6 billion in Q2 FY2026, up from $20.0 billion, including $1.4 billion from OxyChem. Pre-tax earnings rose to $4,117 million from $3,247 million.
Status: Working, on track against what the company said.
Reinsurance with Tokio Marine
New$483M of premiums written
A 10-year whole-account reinsurance agreement began on Apr 1, 2026, per the Q2 FY2026 10-Q.
Status: New, recently announced.
Status compares progress with what the company itself said it would do: Working = on track against what the company said; Mixed = partly on track; Behind = behind the company's own plan; New = recently announced; Early = too early to judge.
17The company's own measures (non-GAAP)
17The company's own measures · FY2025 and Q2 FY2026
What do Berkshire Hathaway's own measures show?
Official (GAAP): Net earnings to Berkshire shareholders, FY2025
$67.0B
Company's own measure: Operating earnings, FY2025
$44.5B
Berkshire's measure, after tax. It leaves out investment gains and losses, impairments of goodwill and intangible assets, and other-than-temporary impairment of equity-method investmentsProfits or losses from companies it partly owns, counted in proportion to its stake.. Berkshire calls period investment gains of little use for judging its results.
Official (GAAP): Net earnings to Berkshire shareholders, Q2 FY2026
$25.7B
Company's own measure: Operating earnings, Q2 FY2026
$13.0B
Same definition. Q2 FY2025 operating earnings were $11,160 million. Q2 FY2026 net earnings include $10.9 billion of after-tax gains from changes in unrealized gains on share holdings.
Official (GAAP): Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, incl. retroactive reinsurance, Dec 31, 2025
$151.8B
Company's own measure: Insurance float, Dec 31, 2025
$176.0B
Float is approximately the net policyholder funds held for investment: about $176 billion at Dec 31, 2025 and $177.5 billion at Jun 30, 2026. Unpaid losses are one major part of it.
Official (GAAP)
No official figure measures this; it is the company's own operating measure.
Company's own measure: Combined ratio, property and casualty, 2025
87.1%
Claims and costs per $100 of premiums, as stated in Abel's Feb 28, 2026 letter. Its five-year average is 90.7%. Retroactive reinsurance is left out.
These are the company's own measures, defined by the company. They are not comparable across companies, and they are not added together. Each sits beside the nearest official (GAAP) figure.
Learn: Non-GAAP measures: what a company's "adjusted" numbers leave out
Sources (5)
18Financial strength and debt
18Financial strength · Jun 30, 2026
How much debt does Berkshire Hathaway have?
- Total debt$128.6B
- Cash and investments$365.5B
- Net cash (cash minus debt)$236.9B
- Net worth (shareholders' money)$747.9B
- Debt to equity
- 0.17×
- $ of debt for every $1 of shareholders' money
- Net cash and debt to equity are Cityfort calculations from Q2 FY2026 10-Q. Net cash = cash and T-bills of all businesses ($365.5 billion) minus notes payable of all businesses ($128.6 billion). It does not subtract $771 million owed for T-bill purchases.
- Berkshire states its own figure for insurance and other businesses: $359.2 billion of cash and T-bills net of payables at Jun 30, 2026, against $369.0 billion at Dec 31, 2025.
- Debt at Jun 30, 2026: Berkshire $20.4 billion, its finance subsidiary $18.2 billion, BNSF $23.5 billion and Berkshire Hathaway Energy $61.8 billion. Berkshire does not guarantee the BNSF or Berkshire Hathaway Energy debt.
- Taylor Morrison's cash price of about $6.8 billion was paid in July 2026, after these balances. Operating lease liabilities, $6.3 billion at Dec 31, 2025, are not counted as debt.
- Cash and T-bills of all businesses rose from $146.7 billion at Dec 31, 2021 to $373.3 billion at Dec 31, 2025 (Cityfort calculation from FY2022 and FY2025 10-Ks).
19Who owns it
19Who owns it · ownership as of Mar 4, 2026
Who owns Berkshire Hathaway?
- Officers and directors (as a group), shares
- 13.9%
- Officers and directors (as a group), votes
- 30.4%
Share classes
Holders of 5% or more
From the company's proxy statement (DEF 14A), later Schedule 13G filings and the share counts on its latest annual or quarterly report. Each holder row shows the date of its own filing.
Learn: Dual-class shares: when votes and ownership don't match · How to read a proxy statement (DEF 14A): Nvidia's 2026 proxy · Form 4 insider filings: who files, the codes and the footnotes
20What it does with profit
20What it does with profit
What does Berkshire Hathaway do with its profit?
Buyback · Dec 31, 2021
Shares bought back in FY2021
$27.1B
Buyback · Dec 31, 2022
Shares bought back in FY2022
$7.9B
Buyback · Dec 31, 2023
Shares bought back in FY2023
$9.2B
Buyback · Dec 31, 2024
Shares bought back in FY2024
$2.9B
Buyback · Dec 31, 2025
No shares bought back in FY2025
Buyback · Jun 30, 2026
First half of 2026: 511 Class A and 9,029,655 Class B shares, after buybacks restarted on Mar 4, 2026. The 10-Q states $4.8 billion of treasury stock; cash paid was $4,444 million.
$4.8B
Money raised · Apr 16, 2026
Sold ¥272.3 billion of yen notes, about $1.7 billion, at a weighted average rate of 2.4%.
$1.7B
21Governance signals
21Governance signals
What do Berkshire Hathaway's governance filings show?
- Auditor
- Deloitte & Touche LLP, since 1985
- Auditor changes
- None in the period covered
- Audit qualifications
- None reported
- Related-party dealings
- The 2026 proxy's related-persons section describes how the Audit Committee approves such transactions and names none. Directors Howard G. Buffett and Susan A. Buffett are Warren Buffett's children.
- Credit rating
- S&P and A.M. Best (major insurance subsidiaries, as stated in the FY2025 10-K) AA+ (S&P) / A++ (A.M. Best) (outlook not stated in the filing), Mar 2, 2026
A credit rating describes the company's ability to repay debt. It is not a rating of the share.
Flags to know about
disclosure
Thin public commentary
No earnings call transcripts or investor presentations were found on Berkshire's filings or site. Its filings give no quarterly guidance, no customer split for the whole company and no consolidated operating income line.
other
Family and voting power on the board
Warren Buffett held 30.2% of votes at Mar 4, 2026. Three of the directors are Buffetts: Warren, Howard and Susan. The company does not provide directors and officers liability insurance to its directors.
regulatory
PacifiCorp wildfire cases
A jury in June 2023 found PacifiCorp, part of Berkshire Hathaway Energy, grossly negligent, reckless and willful. The Oregon Court of Appeals reversed that finding in April 2026. The Oregon Supreme Court allowed review, with argument set for Nov 3, 2026. No filing yet reports the outcome.
regulatory
HomeServices antitrust cases
Plaintiffs allege HomeServices, owned by Berkshire Hathaway Energy, conspired to inflate real estate commissions. A jury found for the plaintiffs in the Burnett case on Oct 31, 2023. A $250 million settlement is on appeal to the Eighth Circuit.
22What the market paid
22What the market paid · price as of Nov 4, 2026
What did the market pay for Berkshire Hathaway on Nov 4, 2026?
Price as of Nov 4, 2026 (shown for education; prices change daily).
Price as of Nov 4, 2026: Class B closed at $579.09 and Class A at $869,300.76, from Nasdaq's historical price tables. Berkshire's shares trade on the NYSE. Market value of about $1,240.0 billion (Cityfort calculation from the Nov 4, 2026 closing prices and Q2 FY2026 10-Q) = 488,450 Class A shares × $869,300.76 + 1,408,035,161 Class B shares × $579.09, using share counts from Jul 29, 2026. P/E is price ÷ earnings per share: 14.6 on Class B earnings of $39.77 for the four quarters to Jun 30, 2026, which include investment gains (Cityfort calculation from the Q3 FY2025 to Q2 FY2026 earnings releases). P/B = market value ÷ shareholders' equity of $747.9 billion on Jun 30, 2026 (Cityfort calculation from the same closing prices and Q2 FY2026 10-Q). EV/EBITDA is blank because Berkshire reports no operating income line.
- Share price
- $579.09
- Market value (market cap)
- $1.24T
- P/E
- 14.6×
- P/B
- 1.7×
Source: BRK/B historical prices, Oct 28 to Nov 4, 2026 (close Nov 4, 2026: $579.09); BRK/A historical prices, Oct 28 to Nov 4, 2026 (close Nov 4, 2026: $869,300.76); Form 10-Q, Q2 FY2026 (quarter ended Jun 30, 2026) and 4 more
Sources (7)
- BRK/B historical prices, Oct 28 to Nov 4, 2026 (close Nov 4, 2026: $579.09)
- BRK/A historical prices, Oct 28 to Nov 4, 2026 (close Nov 4, 2026: $869,300.76)
- Form 10-Q, Q2 FY2026 (quarter ended Jun 30, 2026)
- Earnings release, Q3 FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Earnings release, Q4 and full year FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Earnings release, Q1 FY2026 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- Earnings release, Q2 FY2026 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1, dated Aug 8, 2026)
23How it got here
23How it got here
How did Berkshire Hathaway get here?
1965
Business-model change
Warren Buffett takes control
Buffett became a director and controlling shareholder in 1965, and Chairman in 1970.
1967
Milestone
Into insurance, and the last dividend
Berkshire bought National Indemnity and paid its last cash dividend in 1967.
2010
Business-model change
BNSF bought
Berkshire acquired the BNSF railroad, with an equity value of $34.5 billion.
2022
Crisis
Net loss on share prices
Berkshire reported a $22.8 billion net loss in FY2022, with $30.9 billion of operating earnings.
2023
Business-model change
Pilot consolidated
Berkshire took control of Pilot at 80% on Jan 31, 2023, and bought the rest in January 2024 for $2.6 billion.
2024
Business-model change
Large share sales
Berkshire sold $143.4 billion of equity securities in FY2024; T-bills reached $286.5 billion at Dec 31, 2024.
2025
Crisis
Kraft Heinz and Occidental write-downs
FY2025 included after-tax impairments of $3.76 billion on Kraft Heinz and $4.50 billion on Occidental.
2026
Business-model change
Greg Abel becomes CEO
Abel took over on Jan 1, 2026; Buffett stayed as Chairman.
2026
Milestone
Buybacks restart
Share repurchases began again on Mar 4, 2026, after none in 2025.
2026
Milestone
OxyChem and Taylor Morrison
OxyChem joined on Jan 2 for about $9.4 billion; Taylor Morrison on Jul 24 for about $6.8 billion in cash.
Sources (8)
- Proxy statement (DEF 14A) for the May 2, 2026 annual meeting
- Form 10-K, fiscal year 2025 (ended Dec 31, 2025)
- Letter to shareholders from Greg Abel, dated Feb 28, 2026
- Form 10-K, fiscal year 2023 (ended Dec 31, 2023)
- Earnings release, Q4 and full year FY2023 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1)
- 8-K Item 5.02 filed May 8, 2025: Greg Abel appointed President and CEO effective Jan 1, 2026
- 8-K Item 8.01 filed Mar 5, 2026: share repurchases commenced Mar 4, 2026
- Form 10-Q, Q2 FY2026 (quarter ended Jun 30, 2026)
24Sources and changes
Where every number on this page comes from
Sources (29 documents)
- S1Form 10-K, fiscal year 2025 (ended Dec 31, 2025) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Mar 2, 2026
- S2Form 10-K, fiscal year 2024 (ended Dec 31, 2024) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Feb 24, 2025
- S3Form 10-K, fiscal year 2023 (ended Dec 31, 2023) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Feb 26, 2024
- S4Form 10-K, fiscal year 2022 (ended Dec 31, 2022) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Feb 27, 2023
- S6Form 10-Q, Q2 FY2026 (quarter ended Jun 30, 2026) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Aug 10, 2026
- S7Form 10-Q, Q1 FY2026 (quarter ended Mar 31, 2026) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · May 4, 2026
- S8Form 10-Q, Q3 FY2025 (quarter ended Sep 30, 2025) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Nov 3, 2025
- S9Form 10-Q, Q2 FY2025 (quarter ended Jun 30, 2025) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Aug 4, 2025
- S10Form 10-Q, Q1 FY2025 (quarter ended Mar 31, 2025) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · May 5, 2025
- S11Form 10-Q, Q3 FY2024 (quarter ended Sep 30, 2024) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Nov 4, 2024
- S12Earnings release, Q2 FY2026 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1, dated Aug 8, 2026) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Aug 11, 2026
- S13Earnings release, Q1 FY2026 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · May 7, 2026
- S14Earnings release, Q4 and full year FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Mar 2, 2026
- S15Earnings release, Q3 FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Nov 3, 2025
- S16Earnings release, Q2 FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Aug 4, 2025
- S17Earnings release, Q1 FY2025 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · May 6, 2025
- S18Earnings release, Q4 and full year FY2024 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Feb 24, 2025
- S19Earnings release, Q3 FY2024 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Nov 4, 2024
- S20Earnings release, Q4 and full year FY2023 (8-K Item 2.02, Ex. 99.1) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Feb 26, 2024
- S21Proxy statement (DEF 14A) for the May 2, 2026 annual meeting · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Mar 13, 2026
- S228-K Item 5.02 filed May 8, 2025: Greg Abel appointed President and CEO effective Jan 1, 2026 · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · May 8, 2025
- S238-K Item 5.02 filed Dec 11, 2025: leadership appointments (GEICO CEO, CFO succession) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Dec 11, 2025
- S248-K Item 8.01 filed Mar 5, 2026: share repurchases commenced Mar 4, 2026 · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Mar 5, 2026
- S258-K filed May 7, 2026: CFO succession and pay, by-laws, annual-meeting votes · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · May 7, 2026
- S268-K Item 8.01 filed Apr 16, 2026: senior notes denominated in yen · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Apr 16, 2026
- S27Form 13F-HR for the quarter ended Jun 30, 2026 (information table) · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (SEC EDGAR) · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Aug 14, 2026
- S29Letter to shareholders from Greg Abel, dated Feb 28, 2026 · Berkshire Hathaway Inc. · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Feb 28, 2026
- S30BRK/B historical prices, Oct 28 to Nov 4, 2026 (close Nov 4, 2026: $579.09) · Nasdaq · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Nov 5, 2026
- S31BRK/A historical prices, Oct 28 to Nov 4, 2026 (close Nov 4, 2026: $869,300.76) · Nasdaq · Tier 1: company or exchange filing · Nov 5, 2026
Changes to this page (v1 · Nov 5, 2026)
- v1 · Nov 5, 2026First version, through Q2 FY2026 (quarter ended Jun 30, 2026). (first version)
Numbers come only from tier 1 and tier 2 sources. Read how we research.
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